“杜拉拉”、《蜗居》、《山楂树之恋》的火热显示出文坛新势力的崛起
大风起兮云飞扬,“非职业”作家起四方
来源:深圳商报 第C02版:阅读周刊 作者:刘悠扬 2010年04月26日
“杜拉拉”火了,带红了一片职场小说;《蜗居》伴随着高企不下的房价,从荧屏热到书市;名不见经传的网络小说《山楂树之恋》以口口相传的方式,默默创下过百万册的惊人销量——若不是切切实实身处2010年,真以为文学又回到“轰动效应”的上世纪 80年代。
不同的是,二三十年前在书市上呼风唤雨的那群明星作家,如今已经廉颇老矣,无论是莫言的《蛙》还是刘震云的《一句顶一万句》,都无法再轻取百万。与“文坛宿将”的市场低迷相比,另一支文坛新势力正迅速浮出水面,他们在读者影响力、市场销量和话题性等各方面都遥遥领先,比如《蜗居》的作者六六、《杜拉拉升职记》的作者李可、《山楂树之恋》的作者艾米,以及前两年的超级畅销书《狼图腾》的作者姜戎、《血色浪漫》和《亮剑》的作者都梁等等。
敏感的评论家已经发现,这支新势力一个最有趣的共同点:他们都是“圈外人”。著名书评人黄集伟在今年1月的北京图书订货会上预测,2010年以及未来很长一段时间,书界将出现“三非天下”的局面,即非百万、非职业、非虚构。“非职业”化创作已经成为一个现象,传统文学圈以外的业余写手们何以鸠占鹊巢,一次次刷新销售纪录并引领全民话题?黄集伟引用了张爱玲的名言来回答:生活比文学更传奇。
走红,每个人都有秘密
李可是外企职业经理人,六六是新加坡的幼儿教师,艾米是大学英文老师,姜戎是研究政治经济学的学者,都梁是石油工程师,还有最近“两会”期间备受关注的《中国式民工》,其作者周述恒是四川籍农民工,各大书城最“火”的纪实文学《中国足球内幕》由体育传媒人李承鹏操刀……环顾当下书市,最受关注、最畅销的,几乎都是文学圈内不熟悉的业余写手。而他们每个人走红的方式,也都不尽相同。
“《蜗居》是本社出版的。客观地讲,《蜗居》的畅销不仅仅是艺术的力量,而是民生房价与电视剧热播搅和在一块形成的风雨。”长江文艺出版社北京图书中心总编辑安波舜分析《蜗居》走红的原因时表示。事实上,六六几乎每本书的热销,都与两个因素有关:社会热点与影视热播。《王贵与安娜》写的是上世纪60年代“凤凰男”和“孔雀女”的故事,《双面胶》反映了婚姻中的南北差异和婆媳矛盾,《蜗居》的关键词则是眼下最热的“房奴”、“反腐”以及“小三儿”。以《蜗居》最为典型,2007年首版后销量一直不温不火,直到2009年同名电视剧搬上荧幕才一夜走红,据了解,出版社1个月就加印了10万册。
《杜拉拉升职记》则完全可以看作金融寒冬里职场小说意外走红的一个特例。尽管如今“杜拉拉”已经三栖,电影、电视、话剧抢着演,但这本书的热销,早在影视热潮之前。2007年,身为一名世界五百强企业的资深职业经理人,李可将她多年的职场历练和心得写成了《杜拉拉升职记》。让人始料未及的是,正是从“杜拉拉”这个小女生开始,白领们的狂热追捧催生了中国真正意义上的职场小说门类,“米娅”、“猫猫”、“丁约翰”、“杨小羊”等各色职场人物纷纷出笼。无一例外的是,这些职场小说作者几乎全部不是专职作家,《圈子圈套》的王强是跨国软件公司的中国区总经理,原PR公司总监现某化妆品公司总裁写成《不认输》,蛰伏在上海某外企的柴志强则揭秘了职场厚黑学《丁约翰的打拼》。
白领女读者是块大蛋糕
《山楂树之恋》的流行尤其值得解析。在今年张艺谋拿下电影改编权之前,这部纯爱小说一直以口口相传的方式在读者中迅速蔓延,2007年至今销量已过百万册。在一个情感快餐化的时代,这样一部讲述知青时代故事的纯爱小说,无关社会热点,也未曾搭乘影视东风,它的流行密码又是什么?
出版人路金波认为,这与读者群体的变化有很大关系。“‘80后’女性读者正成为图书市场的主力军,一线城市正进入一个中产阶级主导的文化消费阶段。”在他看来,这批未来的庞大读者群是“30岁的女白领,受过高等教育,有阅读习惯,孩子上了幼儿园,有钱、有闲、有文化。”而她们的阅读需求会分成两个部分:要么是更加浪漫,像《山楂树之恋》这样的纯爱小说;要么就是更加现实,像《蜗居》一样讨论婚后家庭生活、住房问题。
《山楂树之恋》的作者艾米是一位美籍华人,这部作品最早发表在海外华人网站“文学城”上,引起强烈反响,并形成了围绕书中女主角静秋的数量庞大的静秋粉丝群。之所以从海外流传到国内,恐怕与《山楂树之恋》写纯美的柏拉图之恋,一反当下爱情小说“下半身写作”的流俗有关。这部书号称“史上最干净的爱情”,主角老三与静秋让人想起张扬《第二次握手》中的苏冠兰与丁洁琼、王海鸰《大校的女儿》中的韩琳与姜士安,给读者带来久违的清新气息。
注意到 “80后”女性读者这种阅读需求,几家出版社都开始在纯爱小说上谋篇布局。记者了解到,华文天下总编杨文轩已手握美国浪漫天王尼古拉斯·斯帕克思所有作品的中文版权,根据这位美国纯爱小说家作品改编的同名电影《分手信》在美国一公映就把《阿凡达》挤下了票房排行榜榜首,可见其号召力。“他在全球的个人版税收入排在第八,今年我们将重点打造他,已经和他的经纪人制定了一个完整的推广计划,”杨文轩说。路金波的万榕书业也同样踌躇满志:“以前我们不怎么做版权书,但是发现白领女性阅读的新趋势后,已经引进了诺拉·罗伯茨的十几本作品,她是北美浪漫小说的天后,也可以说是美国的琼瑶。”
文学的标准没变,
变的是圈子的标准
这批文坛新势力的迅速崛起,引发了评论家和读者对当下纯文学创作的反思,甚至有出版界人士直言“希望在圈外”。
一个最近的例证是叶兆言刚刚推出的《苏姗的微笑》,这部“文坛宿将”的新作和《蜗居》一样触及了“小三”问题,号称新时代的《妻妾成群》,社会影响却远不及圈外作家。为何同题作文大不同?作家出版社资深编辑袁敏谈及她个人的阅读体验,“《蜗居》这些书太贴近普通百姓的现实生活了,不仅仅是贴近,简直就是生活的白描,或者说是实录、翻版。”
而部分圈内作家要么只能书写历史和童年、无力表现当下和现实,要么描摹的现实与主流生活脱钩,难以“直达人心”。相比之下,文坛新势力们都是有“生活”的。《山楂树之恋》的故事就有一个真实的原型。初版时,这本书除了艾米之外,还有一位作者署名为“熊音”,这就是书中女主人公静秋的原型。该书在熊音的回忆录基础上写成,真实动人其来有自。“最繁荣的文学一定是生机勃勃的,《蜗居》的火爆和《班主任》的火爆是一个理由。”《当代》杂志编辑室副主任周昌义认为,人们无比怀念新时期文学,正因为那时候作家的痛连着中国人的痛,没人说作家无病呻吟。在他看来,文学的标准从来就没有发生变化,变化的是只是圈子的标准。
一个看不见的“文学圈”确实存在,尽管多数评论家对以“圈内”和“圈外”来划分作家群体并不认同。至于进这个圈子的钥匙,周昌义直言“无关作品好坏,更关态度”。他举例说,“张悦然态度好,就在圈内了。余华原本在圈内,《兄弟》以后,态度不好,圈内就当没这个人了。郭敬明态度也好,而且越来越好,扶老携幼,但还不在圈内,是因为太畅销了。他可以进作协,不可以进圈子。进作协不等于进圈子,刘晓庆也进了作协,但没进圈子。还有一例是王海鸰,她要不畅销,圈子里不会有如此多人‘瞧不起’她。”
有趣的是文坛新势力们对“文学圈”的态度。多年前,六六曾向《收获》投稿被拒,理由是下一期还有王朔的稿子排着。不久前她接到《收获》编辑的约稿电话,“我感受到了荣耀”,她告诉记者:“我的文字能上《收获》,就像一个信徒走在路上去麦加朝拜。”
http://szsb.sznews.com/html/2010-04/26/content_1051809.htm
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