小说《蜗居》传达了一种可疑的价值观念
来源:中华文学选刊 作者:张柠 2010年第二期
在笔者读过的大量当代“烂书”中,小说《蜗居》并不算最烂,但也够“烂”的。原以为这是一部当代年轻人的遭遇小说,没想到是一部忘年交式的“爱情”小说。读完后我有一种上当受骗的感觉。就叙事语言、情节设置这些纯技术问题而言,它有它的特点,叙事节奏也把握得不错,流畅且好读。这正是令一般读者和电视剧改编者着迷的地方。一般而言,电视剧的传播效果要大于小说,而小说的艺术效果要大于电视剧。这个作品恰恰相反,小说的艺术效果还不如电视剧。主要原因在于,这部小说的价值观念很成问题,它的所有技巧,都在为一种可疑的价值观服务。
挣钱的速度跟不上房价上涨的速度,“没有房子的苦恼和悲剧”这一主题,牵动了所有年轻人的心。这是小说《蜗居》引起广泛关注的重要原因。小说的主人公海萍和苏淳、海藻和小贝这两对,大学毕业后留在了大城市做白领,但一套住房都没有。市长秘书、贪官宋思明,却有很多套豪宅和用不完的钱。有什么办法让他们之间的资源配置更合理一点呢?从社会角度看办法很多,一种是革命,“打土豪分田地”,将贪官宋思明的房子夺过来分了。这种老土的办法今天无疑行不通。另一种是改良,通过社会管理制度和调节手段的改革,阻止贪官占有更多,并让房价再低一点、普通人的工资再高一点,海萍和海藻就可以买房了。但是,面对这一漫长的社会调节过程,她们俩都耗不起,海萍的孩子出生了、海藻要结婚了,还没有自己的房子,连首付的钱都凑不够。第三种办法就是“市场”调节,让宋思明将自己多余的房子和钱匀出一部分给海藻,海藻用自己的青春和身体作为回报。
如果既不想“革命”,也没有耐心等待社会慢慢地“改良”,更不愿意做贪官和妓女,还有没有别的办法呢?比如“挣扎”,设定人性的底线,在底线的边缘上挣扎和煎熬,用人的尊严的力量,衬托生活的悲剧,赋予底层生活以价值和尊严;比如“逃离”,哪怕是逃离之后再一次落入新的圈套,等等。有人马上会反击:“你傻冒”。在市场和权力面前,真正的文学可能就是“傻冒”,否则,我们将会不断地读到像《蜗居》这样的“傻冒文学”。毫无疑问,长篇小说《蜗居》的叙事并没有给别的方案留下任何空间,仿佛只有卖身投靠这条路似的。它极力支持第三种方案,用青春和身体作为交换条件:海藻得到了房子和钱,宋思明的欲望得到了满足。《蜗居》就准备这样悄悄地两清。
其实,作者并不敢明目张胆地在价值上支持第三种方案,而是在叙事技巧上做文章。为了让第三种方案出台变得顺理成章,首先,作者将所有的障碍都设置在海萍和苏淳面前,目的在于为宋思明不断出场做铺垫。孩子要跟父母在一起就必须购房,购房需要首付,首付没有钱;贪官宋思明有钱,妹妹海藻正年轻,是宋思明所欲求的,于是开始了“等价交换”。首付的钱解决之后,海藻本来可以离开宋思明,与男友小贝重修于好,可是姐夫苏淳突然“犯罪”了,只有宋思明才能将苏淳救出来,于是海藻再一次投入宋思明的怀抱。海萍还遇到了许多小障碍:租房子、找家教、办公室遭遇,等等。所有这些小障碍,都不是海萍自己去解决的,而是通过妹妹海藻的身体为中介,让宋思明去摆平的。这些都成了海藻不得不当“小三儿”的现实基础和叙事借口。小说叙事,就这样一步一步将海藻逼成了“娼妓”,这似乎不符合道德的要求。怎么办?于是作者将海藻设计为一种“无私奉献”的人,她之所以不断地放弃道德底线,不是为了自己,而是为了姐姐的幸福。为他人的幸福而堕落,不是道德可以评判的,那是一种神圣的堕落。这一切都是隐藏在叙事学的烟幕之中的。
宋思明,作为一位身居高位、在市里呼风唤雨的人,凭什么整天为海藻这位私营公司小白领的家事去奔波呢?是爱情呀!爱情成了一块遮羞布。为了让 “爱情戏”成立,首先要贬低不成功的男性:海萍的丈夫苏淳和海藻的男友小贝。尽管他们都很爱这两姐妹,但他们挣钱很少,没有能力首付,身体和精神都不振作。然后是美化宋思明:外貌好、学历高、会说英语,遇事沉稳、处事干练。宋思明像魔术师一样,能从左边口袋里变出钱、右边口袋里变出高级轿车钥匙、腰里吊着一大串房子的钥匙。只要海藻缺什么,他摇身一变就出来了。宋思明还具备了情人的内在条件:心细、善于调情、身体也不错。这样的品味男,不立马献身于他更待何时?小说在处理海藻与小贝的关系时,写得十分粗糙,明显地不想与小贝废话。小说将大量的笔墨用于宋思明和海藻交往的细节描写,给人一种感觉,海藻不是用身体换房子和钱,而是在谈恋爱。
长篇小说中的任何事件,其效果都是结构性的;但小说叙事的指向却是有总体性的。这部小说的叙事,明显地指向了一种很可疑的价值观念:金钱和权力就是救星,还可能激发出爱情。当它通过文学的形式讲述的时候,就是要将一种很可疑的价值观念形式化、美学化。小说结尾,宋思明为海藻准备了500万,安排了出国的退路,后因急忙赶到医院去看海藻而死于车祸。宋思明仿佛成了英雄,贪官成了美的化身,这让人反胃。
【作者简介】张柠,本名张宁,男,祖籍江西,1958年9月出生,学者、文学评论家、作家。1991年考入上海华东师范大学中文系,1994年7月毕业,获文学硕士学位。毕业后分配到广东省作家协会创作研究部从事中国当代文学和文化研究,正高职称,系中国作家协会会员。2004年任中国社会科学院文学研究所当代文学研究室客座研究员,2005年受聘北京师范大学“985二期”特聘教授。2006 年调入北京师范大学工作,现为文学院教授,博士生导师。主要著作有《叙事的智慧》、《诗比历史更永久》、《飞翔的蝙蝠》、《时尚鬣犬》、《文化的病症》、《没有乌托邦的言辞》、《土地的黄昏》、《中国当代文学与文化研究》、《想象的衰变》、《再造语言巴别塔》等。
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