解构《蜗居》——关于慾望空间化的书写
来源:interface of singularity 奇点介面 作者:吴哲良 2010年04月29日
【作者自序】应上海大学朋友之邀,写了篇文章评论在大陆火红的电视剧《蜗居》。电视剧由小说改编,它所讲述的上海炒楼故事,类似于台湾的无壳蜗牛面临的情况,小说与电视剧所呈现的要来得深刻与世故许多。演员与剧本都很棒,可惜没能在台湾播出。

作者照片
标籤: 蜗居, 慾望
I. 荡在都市空间里的慾望
《蜗居》的作者六六说,她想写的是买房子的故事。只不过这故事说得情节曲折、话语直白,不仅挑逗读者的交感神经,也扰动大众的潜意识。「攒钱的速度永远赶不上涨价的速度」是贯穿上层结构与下层结构的传动主轴——无论这结构指涉的是文本架构、社会组构或是马克思的政治经济结构,牵动并扭曲了官商、男女之间的伦理关系。此「阿奇里斯与乌龟追逐」式的主轴存在一个残酷的现实:在资本化市场里,住宅是人人企盼却难以企及的商品。换言之,空间是做为慾望主体的人们所欲求的对象。然而,这样的主轴与命题所点出的仅只是表象,彷彿空间是有别于人的外物,只是慾望的单向佔有,而我们对「什么是慾望」的根本问题却仍一无所悉。我的看法正好相反:空间要成为慾望的对象,慾望得先空间化。慾望本身是曖昧不明、游移不居、难以再现的,唯有把慾望空间化,才能将慾望给表徵出来并对之展开动员与部署。无论是晋阶升官的权力慾、发财致富的金钱慾、置车炒楼的购买慾、乃至于男女关系的情慾,诸种欲求都是慾望空间化所表徵的一股股能量,驱动著人们去佔据与领有空间,进而在空间中体验(或想像)梦想的实现。在资本化的自由市场[1]里,「梦想成真」的幸福感与其说是来自慾望的充分满足,毋宁说这种幸福感早已在慾望的空间化部署过程预拟和排演,就好比酒家欢场安排的狂欢、迪士尼乐园规划的惊喜,只等著人们带著诸种欲求花钱买票入场,「重新」佔有空间并享受满足慾望的快感。
以此角度阅读《蜗居》,我认为它是关于慾望空间化的一种书写,而电视剧更是让《蜗居》本身实践了慾望空间化的历程。同样由六六小说改编、颇受佳评的电视剧《双面胶》协同《蜗居》电视剧的声势,回头带动了小说的热卖,电视频道成了促销平面小说的管道[2]。《蜗居》的宽频化与视频化所引发的媒体效应不只是数量的蔓延,还具有某种空间性。《蜗居》电视剧让小说的写实成分具现为视觉场景,进而模糊了写实与现实的分际。阅听众看见调情听到荤语的「公开」露骨,似乎直接挑战了官方或社会观感对檯面界线的分寸拿捏。舆论聚焦于剧情中荤黄辛辣的台词,甚至引起广电单位的关切,《蜗居》差些被化约解读成色情之作(pornography)。六六半玩笑地回应:「书比电视剧淫荡100倍」。六六的回答耐人寻味却不够彻底。在我看来,假使小说和电视剧有「淫」的成分,我们所存在的都市空间「荡」的程度更有过之而无不及。都市空间的「淫荡」(porn)并不是指烟花柳巷间的色情行业或伏流暗涌的男女情慾——这些都只是个体经济学中微观面向上的生产与消费行为。别忘了,个体经济的活络仍得以总体经济学的鉅观向度相互参照,其中所涉及的是现代都市的空间生产与空间消费的议题——技术性的术语称之为「都市政策与规划」。无论是上海、香港、新加坡、东京、首尔、纽约、伦敦或巴黎,只要一个都市企图在全球化世界体系中佔有一席之地,就得尽可能让都市空间成为吸引国内外人力、商品、资金进驻,并让它们得以集散流动的场域。现代化的金融商业大楼、豪华百货公司、名牌旗舰店、高档次酒店的林立,伴随著地铁、高速铁路等交通运输网络的拓展,都市不断扩充硬体服务功能;公园绿地、电影院、剧院、音乐厅、博物馆等休閒娱乐场所的设置,辅以街头装置与开放空间的景观设计以及夜间照明艺术,都市也试著增添空间美学之魅人的软实力。上海迪士尼乐园的设置与「大虹桥」计画的转运枢纽工程,便是都市展现软硬实力的最佳例证。在软硬实力兼施下,空间也成为具有价位区段的竞争商品,继而成就了房价如股价的哄抬效应。《蜗居》人物就在这些熟悉的现实场景中穿梭上演,而他们各自的忧喜和关系的张弛,直接或间接地与身处的都市空间的流动性发生微妙的律动:私领域的诸种欲求与都市空间所要捕捉的慾望时而交迭、时而错离。
II. 宿命与偶然的协奏与变奏
掌握慾望如何在都市中空间化是重要的,因为以买房代表人物郭海萍作为《蜗居》的叙事重心,容易把中产阶级的欲求与操烦当作看待世相的识框。即使六六透过宋秘书的「大奸似忠」来描写政府官员如何藉由都市规划与政策的权力之便,官商勾结、炒地炒楼并从中牟利,小说情节的层次也仅止于贪官污吏的惩治与报应,却无法带领读者理解慾望在都市空间中的生产逻辑。正由于慾望在都市中已经预先空间化,人们在都市空间中的种种欲求变得无庸置疑、理所当然,这使得慾望的发生与实现在《蜗居》里是毫无道理可言的。海萍只能道出自己想要在这个都市里买个房,却无法确切地说明捨弃家乡生活在都市的确切好处。她和苏淳只能够细数都市里有博物馆、音乐厅、伊势丹、东方明珠塔来劝海藻打消怀念老家的念头,却无法说出这些空间地景之于他们有什么意义。反讽的是,海萍与苏淳的忙碌工作与紧迫生活根本让他们无暇好好享受这个城市空间的「美好」。海萍给自己想留在都市较为「清楚」的理由,一是已经习惯了都市的眼界,过不惯老家的日子了;二是因为谁不想在都市里拼得一个空间?换言之,决心买楼的慾望主体,到头来还是被说不清楚的慾望带著走。
商品具有的象徵或符号价值往往优先于使用价值,这使得「需求」起于「匱乏」的逻辑必须翻转:商品的广告促销手法是制造需求,继而产生缺乏感。当海藻与小贝漫步在繁华的商店街,没有使用过名牌货的海藻却能如数家珍般地「区辨」名牌商品的质地。当她两眼睁睁盯著Häagen-Dazs冰淇淋时,那心头的挣扎不正是慾望先行于需求所引发的「没有匱乏的缺乏」的癥候?另一个类似的例子是宋思明买奈良美智设计的梦游娃娃送给海藻,海藻看到梦游娃娃时透露出眼神就像是看到Häagen-Dazs冰淇淋那样的渴望。有趣的是,当内在的慾望驱动人们行动,而人们又不真正明白那慾望为何物、来自何方时,人们的实现欲求的行为不就像是一种梦游状态?奈良美智的梦游娃娃,如同安迪沃荷(Andy Warhol)的普普艺术,模糊商业与艺术的界线的同时,透过消费来反讽消费。购买梦游娃娃,其实是购买了在慾望中梦游的自己。
在慾望空间化的都市里,人们实际上是在空间中购买自己的慾望;人们以为购买与拥有商品和空间便能获得愉悦的幸福感,事实上这份幸福感早已被预设在商品与空间所包装的「慾望」中了。这就是所谓心理学上的「自我实现预言」(Self-fulfilling prophecy)。慾望空间化所产生的效应是这种宿命性,弔诡的是,实际欲求的实现却是以偶然、机运的方式表现的。宿命与机运,以错位的方式调节著人们对遭遇的理解与詮释。当海萍斩钉截铁地说只要自己坚持著原则与理想,就一定能够在这个都市里攒得一个空间,彷彿可以预测自己的未来般肯定。未来之所以能够如此确切地预测,是因为时间也被空间化了:「300个月,一年12个月,也就是说未来的25年,直到海萍退休,他们终于可以在这个城市里拥有一套自己的房子」。慾望的空间化也把人的未来锁定在真空般的宿命里;然而,这种宿命又是得排除一切外力的理想状态:「钞票不贬值,国家教育不收费,看病不花钱,老人不需要供养,不发生任何意外」。海萍便总是在这真空理想与现实难料两种状态之间摆盪著,时而变成遇到困难就怨天尤人的悲观主义者,时而又以百折不挠的决心提醒自己要乐观地面对未来。于是,《蜗居》有许多对白彷彿肯定地宣告一些价值观或人生态度,但它们时常是彼此矛盾冲突的,因为这些价值观或人生哲理几乎都是因应宿命或机运情境所做的暂时结语。
值得附带一提的是,假使宿命与机运、悲观或乐观是隐伏在《蜗居》情节下的和弦调性,那么导演则是以镜头色彩颇为精准地掌握两者之间的错位关系。《蜗居》的场景是实地取景拍摄的,但影像中的光线却不是单纯的自然光,而是以偏绿微带烙黄的滤镜来呈现场景的光色。偏绿光的色温是较为冷酷的,而烙黄则较为温暖,这在戏剧的色彩学手法中很可能是藉由色调来营造非语言的氛围:偏绿光可能意味著理智、距离感,也可能意味著生意盎然;烙黄色可能意味著温馨和谐,也可能意味著情绪性或不安的状态。如果留意片头歌曲的背景,全景上海市天空的滤镜色彩,是否透露出导演眼中的上海空间里的慾望,诡譎不明地影响著剧中人物的生命样态呢?
III. 慾望的政治经济学与死亡
如果慾望在都市里被空间化了,那么生活在此空间里的人们是可能被这个都市所形塑的。都市空间是如何透过对慾望的配置来重新界定性别角色的关系呢?所谓慾望的空间化,就是将浮动不拘的慾望藉由空间予以定形再现出来的历程,度量与计量是空间化凭藉的手段,而金钱则是最中性的计算单位,这也使得空间化的「慾望」得以交换、积累并区分出优劣高下。无论是声望、学历、职业、资历,都能够以金钱计算出个人的身价,而身价水平的高低又以能够兑换慾望的快感的程度而定。如果在传统观念里,男刚女柔是由劳动力来决动,那么在主要由白领阶级构成的现代都市中,劳动力已经失去衡量刚柔的准度,而是以兑换慾望的能力来度量的。这或许多少能够说明为什么当遇到同时具有社会地位、权力、资历等兑换能力极高的宋秘书时,小贝的温柔体贴总是抵不过宋思明被戏剧塑造出来的「浪漫英雄」形象。
无论是《蜗居》或是《浮世绘》,六六所描绘的职场女性,当她们遇到个人攸关利害的情境时总是展露出较为刚性的特质。当慾望以空间化的方式来衡量兑换能力的强弱时,现代都会的男性在学历水平与薪资水平相当的女性面前不再总是握有传统观念下的阳刚位置了。海萍与苏淳的性别角色微妙地体现出这种变化,而这种转变也与现代社会里的婚配市场有关。当女性掌握越来越的资本兑换能力时,婚配关系不再只是由单纯、无条件的爱情所决定,而是可能牵扯到彼此之间条件与能力的估量。海萍与苏淳有两次较为激烈的争吵。一次是海萍把苏淳偷藏的香菸丢到巷口,这其实是极富性别冲突意涵的桥段。吸烟是带有强化男性阳刚形象的一种象徵行为。当海萍连苏淳抽烟的一点嗜好都不留余地时,这意味著由于经济状况的不安与焦虑,使得苏淳在家中男性地位受到更为激烈的挑战。另一次更严重的争吵是海萍发现苏淳背地里借高利贷付头期款,她对苏淳几乎丧失最根本的信赖与安全感,她对海藻诉苦说:「爱情那都是男人骗女人的把戏。一个男的爱一个女的,什么都先别说,先送上一遝钞票,让这女的有安全感,然后奉上一幢房子,至少在你伤了这个女人以后,虽然她的心失落了,可是身体有著落」。这段话隐含著现代男女关系相当复杂的面向。女性的现代性,很可能夹杂著传统的期待。此外,这一席话更加强化了集合权与财于一身的宋秘书身上的英雄光环,甚至掩盖了他贪官污吏的那一面。尽管宋秘书的生活水平获取得不光彩,有不少网民仍对宋思明的爱情形象抱以正面的评价。其实,这并不表示大众完全认同作为贪官的宋秘书,也不意味大众对官员的廉洁标准降低了。在我看来,大众的慾望仍然是受到空间化的影响,而将自己的慾望投射在宋思明这个角色上。另一方面,六六笔下刻化的宋思明,比外遇的是非、贪官的善恶等二分法还要复杂得多。
性别角色的阳刚或阴柔并非绝对,而是相对的。宋思明看似英雄与浪漫行径的阳刚特质背后,其实是空虚与焦虑的。这种空虚与焦虑的根源正是来自慾望的空间化。慾望的空间化让人们将难以再现的慾望转化为空间中一次次的快感;然而,无论快感怎么愉悦,它们都不是慾望本身。这使得慾望空间化必定朝向死亡:一方面,由于空间化的快感并非慾望本身,种种欲求实现的愉悦都是短暂即逝的。另一方面,为了延长快感,只有透过换取更多空间、增加更多积累,好让愉悦极大化,进而化为慾望的拟像(simulacra)。但是,持续不断的快感终将超越人体有限的极限而迈向死亡。宋思明追求海藻,其实是想追回自己早已不在场的青春。对宋思明而言,真正的青春慾望是不可能再现的了,而海藻的清纯与肉体——即青春与女体的空间化,则是他重温已逝青春的拟像。年轻时候真正的青春是冲动、直接、毫无保留;然而,中年的宋思明却对自己追求海藻的冲动感到莫名、反覆思量与羞愧。他用空间交换不可能回复的青春。在一夫一妻制的社会里,想要外遇就得另外开闢空间,想要包二奶就得营造持续性的空间。为了证明自己性能力的青春活力,宋思明使用「伟哥」来延续快感(也就是以空间换取时间),他也买车、买房、买床、买家具等空间化的商品来换取他与海藻之间的青春梦。当海藻首次搭宋思明的座车时,他向海藻炫耀地说:「开车的男人,都希望拥有一款陆虎。一个人在城市里憋久了,就希望自己像野马一样,一头鬃毛迎风飘洒,在草原上自由闯荡。而陆虎,就是男人的腿,空中吹拂的风。」宋思明已经是彻底空间化的男人,一旦他失去了空间(包括官职以及炒地炒楼)就等于失去了维繫男人的一切。因此,从久憋的城市空间解脱的方式并不是返回自然森林,而是将自己关在房车的空间中体验速度的快感——速度=距离÷时间,因而也是另一种空间的转换。由此观之,宋思明看似英雄与阳刚的特质,其实是受慾望空间化的奴役而换来的。人们透过戏剧只看到他在空间中显得阳刚,却未必清晰地看到他在死亡面前焦虑、害怕时的柔弱。
IV. 《蜗居》外部的几点思考
除了几部历史大剧之外,《蜗居》是我首次接触到大陆的现代连续剧。相较于台湾偶像剧无关痛痒的情节、矫情的演作与浅薄的对白,《蜗居》拍得平实、深刻且世故。从大众文化的角度来看,它确实是相当成功且富有很强的影响力,而文本本身以及它在社会中掀起的波澜,都值得进行社会与文化面向的探讨。尽管《蜗居》本身之于现实社会的状况是具有几分反思性的,对我而言总还感到侷限。
《蜗居》在小说的结局与电视剧的处理有些许不同。在小说里,海藻因流产而失去子宫,最后由Mark带著海藻搭机离开收场,整个故事在一连串的创伤事件中落幕。或许为了顾及电视脚本的完整性,也或许为了向观众交代整个悲剧事件的教训意义并带入重生的活力,电视剧的最后一集里,受到创伤而长久失语的海藻跟著海萍到附近公园散步,整个情节中海藻看著天气仅说了「下雨了」、「雨停了」两句话,而在这两句话之间海萍对著海藻说了相当长的一段话。这段话像是海萍暮然回首的沉淀,也像是对海藻的安慰与鼓励,更像是六六借海萍之口向观众表达整部戏剧的意涵与结论。这段话分两大部分,第一部份有三个重点:1. 活在城市的成本让海萍只能活在当下,不敢设想未来。2. 在这个城市里的生活就是懵懵懂懂地被人推著往前走。3. 海萍当一个循规蹈矩、坚守本分的蜗牛慢慢往上爬,而抱怨那些不守规矩、社会不公平之事。这三点基本上还是重复著海萍在《蜗居》里游移在宿命与机运、乐观与悲观之间的生命态度。然而,台词第二部分的论点则值得商榷。我把此部分的台词完整地记录如下:
这两天,我在看些投资方面的书,其实我也没有多少钱投资了,我就是想如何让我手头这点东西不贬值,我觉得这大概是这个城里所有人的恐慌。大家都忧心忡忡的,得到的怕失去,没得到的又想拥有。后来我在一本书里找到巴菲特的一句话叫「永远坚持价值投资的理念」。他说不管在任何年代,任何社会,任何经济环境下,投机的风险永远要大于投资。他说,也许,从短期来看,一次投机也许会让你获利很多,但是从长远来看,任何一次投机就会造成全盘皆输。但是投资不一样,投资是只要你坚持物有所值,最终它会增值并硕果累累的。我觉得他这话挺有道理的,我的理解是,只要你有信念有追求,只要你坚持,那你一定要比随波逐流要行得远行得正。
三点商榷。1. 能够像巴菲特那样胆敢在经济萧条或金融风暴时逆向思考,除了要有精准的判断力,可能还得仰赖雄厚的资本。弔诡的是,在金融市场里一夕崩盘或翻红的关键不正是跟资金的挹注或流出有关?做为散户的海萍就算有再固执的信念,有可能与如巴菲特等大户的资金流向背道而驰吗?2. 海萍借用巴菲特对投机与投资的区分,告诉自己、海藻和观众:眼光放远、别炒短线。然而,投机与投资真的那么容易清楚地区分吗?它们之间的分野究竟是取决于坚持和信念,还是取决于事后的分析?投机与投资是否因情境使然?当海萍相信自己的信念能够战胜命运,乐观积极地工作攒钱时,她认为那是投资。但是,当她感受到被房贷、生活开支压得喘不过气,甚至得不吃不喝才能够达成到真正的解脱,或是遭受到生活的重大转变的决定时,她的悲观与宿命不又把投资解释为错误的投机吗?3. 这点尤为重要。究竟是什么决定投资的价值?什么才是值得投资的呢?而什么又是值得牺牲的呢?都市里买楼与陪小孩成长,何者值得投资值得牺牲?兴建洋楼与保留胡同,何者值得投资值得牺牲?毕业后返乡工作是否值得投资?这些选项并没有绝对的答案。然而,如果「投资」的意义是建立在慾望空间化之上,也就是说能够再现为空间商品并兑换资本的「慾望」才是值得投资的标的,那么,海萍所乐意投资的对象肯定会宿命地随波逐流,因为唯有如此才可能获得最大的利多。届时,市场的波流依然会随著巴菲特等大户的资金流向走。若此,六六等编剧在电视剧最后一集特意安排这段语重心长的谈话,只不过如同梦游般自言自语的独白罢了。
[1] 在实作与象徵上,资本(capital)与市场(market)都是具有空间意涵的经济学词汇。
[2] 媒体频道(channel)也是一种空间的形式。Channel作为动词,也有开闢空间的词义。
作者单位为台湾交通大学社会与文化研究所 e-mail: [email protected]
http://fossiliser.wordpress.com/2010/04/29/解构《蜗居》:关于慾望空间化的书写/
“奇点介面:解构《蜗居》——关于慾望空间化的书写”上的258条回复
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Regular skin checks are vital for early melanoma detection. ABCDE criteria still serve us well. – http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1817-74332014000100004 , The piece on cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is evidence-based and practical. .