和谐生活需要多面胶——读《双面胶》后感
作者:智愚 来源:深圳市南山区人民检察院网站
Posted: 03-16-2006
上海世纪出版集团出版的《双面胶》是海外女作家六六的作品,它讲述了男主人公亚平从外地到上海读书,为留在上海,娶一上海女子为妻,既而引发的一系列家庭矛盾的故事。这部作品是当代婆媳关系典型写照。婆媳关系是老主题。我们现代文学里面最伟大的作家,巴金的《寒夜》,曹禺的《原野》都接近它。而该书既没有张爱玲式的唏嘘感慨,也没有《原野》深沉的象征,该书的特点是具体实在地突出生活中琐碎的细节。故事里面涉及到很多细节,包括钱、饮食、东北的文化习惯等与上海的文化习惯的冲突,琐碎的细节告诉你,二十万就是二十万,亲戚之间拿个二十万走了,亲情关系就打水漂了,不废话。
把它作为一个象征的小说来看的时候,你会看到很多不同的意蕴。这里面其实包含着对今天日常生活经验不信任的感觉。本来两个小白领是一个很大有前途的家庭,最后婆婆公公一来就扭转一切,灾难就从婆婆公公来的那一天开始了,最后是毁灭的过程。你可以发现这是很脆弱的,你大有前途的一切马上就会毁灭。都市生活本身一些可靠的东西其实都不可靠,最后你可以发现生命本身也极脆弱。
家庭本来是一个温馨的港湾,是什么让中国的小白领、小中产阶级对待自己前程的焦虑不安?这本书的焦虑是从婆媳关系里来的,其他人的焦虑是从婚姻关系里来的,那么,家庭以外的焦虑?
婆媳关系只是社会关系中的一个部分,小说让亚平媳妇发现周围的人,甚至最亲密的人的关心是靠不住的,为什么?根本的原因还是我们的社会,我们的文化,要求我们要高度的一致。我们的文化觉得如果我们相爱,我们就应该成为一样的人,恰恰是这些观念的东西使我们产生了很多冲突,使我们的社会越来越喜欢用对错去评价别人。总是喜欢把自己觉得好的东西强加给你爱的人,恐怕你觉得好的东西对于你所爱的人是一种幸福,但是他们意识不到。可是现代的社会是追求多样性的,我们每个人有不同的角色定位,每一个人都认真做好自己角色内的职责,不能逾越这个界线,就如婆婆来到媳妇的家庭,婆婆就是客人,那客必须随主便了,如果堑越了,麻烦和痛苦就随之而来。
人性为什么会在一定的人际关系中变恶?从人际关系动力学的角度来说,这个问题的存在原因在于人们对于各自的角色定位不清楚,权利和义务也没有很好的弄清楚。时代变了,人们不能再按照传统观念来看待婆媳关系和角色,但无论怎样,在大家庭当中,婆媳关系二者都不会颠倒:婆婆不会变成媳妇,媳妇也不会变成婆婆,但也不会象封建社会那样,将媳妇当成奴隶来使唤,对媳妇打、骂,甚至不给吃穿。尽管如此,现代社会基本的角色价值和角色期待还是存在的,如果人们在现实中能够严格履行自己的角色期待,婆媳关系也不会那么恶劣,也不会变坏,更不会走向那种悲惨结局。
现代的个体主义与强调为整体牺牲的传统中国文化的冲突在此就表现为现代媳妇与大家庭思想的母子关系冲突。很明显,这对年轻人在很多消费习惯、某些部分的人际关系方面,遵循着很重要的个体价值。婆婆是养育了丈夫,并没有养育媳妇,媳妇为什么要非对婆婆常有感情呢?只有她们非常友好的相处了多年后,才能自然产生感情的。所以依旧以过去的那种所谓传统美德来要求媳妇的时候,就意味着媳妇为了家庭必须做出牺牲。
这小说有一个比较妙的地方就是,它经常是在矛盾冲突看似无法逆转的情况下有了峰回路转,出现两个人特别甜蜜的沟通,好像事情已经平息了,但是很快新的矛盾又出现了。其实,峰回路转只是暂时的,即使后面婆婆不到小两口家来,也许这亚平媳妇也会被亚平打死。结果已经不再重要了,就算这两个人很幸运,没有父母或类似的事件的话,他们一辈子并不就能恩恩爱爱,相安无事;因为亚平夫妻的悲剧已经一开始就存在,只是它没有适合的气候和土壤,所以它没发生。就但这种事件随时有可能发生,这里面有个文化差异的问题,所以它很容易点燃,二十万最终成了导火索。对亚平媳妇而言,自己挣的钱,是她个人小家庭的私产,如果硬要变化为大家庭的共同财产,那么需要有很深厚的感情基础,不然,二十万对于辛勤劳作的小资来说,是要区分彼此的边界的,在大上海长大的亚平媳妇显然不适合这种家庭,不能呼吸这种空气的。
书中表达的这种婚姻家庭冲突,在中国的文化里面其实就是主人公欠缺一种边界意识的。如果没有边界意识,无分彼此,一个人是很难不和别人发生冲撞的,你会觉得别人的生活方式是否定你的,你不舒服。其实每个人都应当有自主表达对某个东西审美的权利,这些表达并不是冲突的,也不是斗争,而应是一种并存。所以如果我们的社会提倡多样化,多一些包容,超越一致性或相同性的话,那么婆媳关系,各种关系就容易理顺了。
亚平根本没有一个双面胶的功能,因为他这么摇摆完全不是粘合,他像是破坏了婆婆和媳妇在一种差异的互动里面本身可以达成的平衡。他总是以偏向一方的方式来处理冲突的结果,就造成冲突的升级。升级有很多种类,而这个小说表达的升级是一种对冲式的升级,也就是说你强我就更强。
双面胶问题在我们每个人的身上都有,我们在社会当中充当中各种各样不同的角色,学生时代,身兼的角色少,做事凌厉,一副勇往直前的气势,常常暗中取消老人家的“消极”。可是,在历经生活工作的多个角色以后,发现找到平衡点真不容易,以前所不屑的“中庸之道”,“无为而治”其实很能作为润滑油来用的,起到四两拨千斤的作用。
双面胶或多面胶的问题,其实解决的就是一个文化差异、个体差异的包容问题,多交换角色,多些反思和自省,能让人生活得开心。象亚平一家,男人需要一个母亲、一个爱人,这个时候,作为妻子,除了学会做他的女人以后,还要学会做他的母亲;男人反过来,在家庭里既要做一个丈夫,也要做一个父亲,在老婆面前,有时要像孩子,有时候又要宠一下。所以,一个家庭稳定的因素就是男人要学会担任多重角色。女人也是,当需要你当甲的时候就甲,需要当乙的时候就乙,那么这个家庭就稳定和谐。如果你把一种角色推向极致,那就危险了。
读书的作用在于引发思考,光读不思起不到什么作用,我读《双面胶》并不沉湎于它的文字功力,而是被它所启发。梁实秋批评鲁迅的文章大都一味的批判,没有指引,也没有告诉别人该怎么做。可是我觉得在他的所处的社会环境,敢于批判比说道要强,在大部分人都已经麻木的时候,没有一针见血的刺痛,没有振聋发聩的呐喊,能让他听见道之所云吗?引发思考比灌输思想更能造就社会的繁荣和多样性。
和谐社会要从个人的和谐人生做起,个人的幸福与和谐才可以谱就社会和谐之音,当今的社会啊,怕就怕畏疾忌医!
http://www.nsjc.gov.cn/News/Article/ShowDetail.aspx?id=764
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