三代海外女作家生存比较:要作品也要自由
作者:江筱湖
文章来源:法制晚报 副刊阅览室 [第B17版PDF] 06/16/2005
从异域寂寞到飞来飞去从两地奔波到网络漫游
在这个世界上,有这样一些女人,她们博学、聪慧、目标远大。她们在自己的祖国里积累了对文字的热爱,之后移居海外,仍笔耕不辍。东西方交融的背景,令她们的文字格外受到读者的瞩目和青睐。
她们——旅居海外的女作家们,一代又一代的,作品在变化,生活也在变化。
第1代 国内盛开国外枯萎
代表人物:张爱玲
在早期有名的女作家中,说到“旅居海外”,张爱玲必然是最著名的那一个。23岁即开始蜚声文坛的才女张爱玲,于1955年,也就是35岁的时候,离港赴美,直到1995年以75岁高龄在洛杉矶公寓里寂寞离世,一共在国外生活了40年,这40年中,尽管也曾经有获奖学金、任驻校作家等无限风光,但更多的还是异乡颠沛流离的无奈和冷清。可以说,她的创作黄金时期,从踏入美国土地的那一刻起,就戛然而止了。
她的重量级作品,基本都是在内地和香港创作出来的,这一方面固然可以说明女作家才华横溢,少年之时就能让文坛关注,另一方面也说明,客居美国,一定影响了她创作才能的发挥。假使时光倒流,张爱玲在香港过完她的下半辈子,那么今天的《张爱玲全集》,恐怕还能多出一半的呕心之作来。
离开习惯的故乡的土地,就像鱼儿离开了水,张爱玲枯萎了。热闹的洛杉矶,一个曾经无比繁华的女人,终于憔悴。
那毕竟不是一个开放的时代,祖国与彼国,地理上相差十万八千里,心理上也有天堑一样的距离。第一代海外女作家,像失去了土壤的大树,努力挣扎,也逃不过枯萎的宿命。
第2代 他乡故乡空中飞人
代表人物:虹影、严歌苓
第二代的女作家在上世纪90年代前后出国、成名,她们目前仍是文坛最不可忽视的力量之一。近来不断推出新作品的虹影、严歌苓,可以算得上其中的代表。
虹影在一次访谈中说,自己目前的状态就是国外住一段时间,国内住一段时间。她觉得,人在异域他乡,每一次用汉语创作,都有回家乡的感觉。虹影自认是一个不会受时空影响的作家,尽管有很多作品是在国外创作的,但写作没有国内国外之分,因为在哪儿写作都是面对一张桌子、一台电脑而已。一旦投入写作,她的状态立刻像在一个修道院里,感觉不到任何人的存在了。
与虹影相比,稍早一些的严歌苓在国外的时间会更多一点,作品中关于国外生活的影子也更浓厚一点,但无论如何,早期在上海的生活,还是她创作的最深厚的源泉。
第二代海外女作家比第一代潇洒了很多,地域上的与祖国的分离,不再构成创作上的障碍。事实上,她们最先得到的肯定,往往都是在国外,然后才在国内得到更大范围的认同。
中国在一天一天地向着全世界开放,出国不再是什么稀罕的话题,第二代海外女作家几乎都有国内和国外两个家,小家建在国外,根却还在国内。她们穿梭于两地,做一个空中的飞人,地域的改变甚至可以使她们迸发出更多的灵感,中西方文化的交融,在她们身上体现得相当明显,但文学创作的重心与主题,依然是在国内。
第3代 无心插柳网络成名
代表人物:六六、施定柔
如今,第三代海外女作家开始崛起,让读者忍不住刮目相看。她们与网络的关系密不可分,她们是网络催生出来的第三代。
随便举两个例子就好了。
六六,安徽合肥人,现居新加坡。在国内读国际贸易专业。代表作《安娜与王贵》《双面胶》。
施定柔,湖北武汉人,现居加拿大。加拿大某大学东亚系博士研究生,国内原创文学网站晋江文学城的第一女写手。代表作“定柔三迷”:《迷侠记》《迷行记》和《迷神记》。
六六的《安娜与王贵》(上海人民出版社出版)曾在去年轰动一时,一年后,六六的讲述婆媳关系的故事《双面胶》在网络上又大红大紫,凡有婆媳关系的论坛,必定有无数的人在谈论《双面胶》,常因为观点相左,互不相让甚至对骂。六六是个美女,宜室宜家,10月份就要做妈妈。在新加坡,六六过着悠然自得的生活。她说自己很喜欢那个国家,比较安宁和柔和,拥有更多的私人时间和空间,可以思考和自由抒发情感。
新加坡给六六的感觉就像桃花源,点滴小事都感到温馨。比方说如果手提重物,会主动有人过来帮忙送一段;下雨的时候在雨中急行,头顶会突然多把雨伞,并把你送到车站;怀孕了,一上车就有人把最宽敞的位置让出来……那种体贴与关怀,让人感觉这个城市、这个国家很有人情味儿,并甘愿主动融于其间。于是自己也会主动给外地人指路,也会替没有零钱的姑娘塞一个硬币,也会帮忙抬着年轻妈妈的婴儿车上下天桥。少了怒气,少了不平,少了争吵,每天心情愉快。
在加拿大的定柔,生活很繁忙。暑假里一般会给老师当助教,平时沉重的研究任务让她不得不去阅读大量的文学作品与理论书籍。于是,在网络上灌灌水写写东西就变成了一种很好的放松与娱乐。定柔从小喜欢文学,但没有想过要当作家。她觉得写作一旦成了职业,会让人有很重的心理负担。在网络上写作多是信手涂鸦,胸中并无宏大理念,所以拘束较少,因为个人的写作习性一贯懒散,所以网友的支持和鼓励成了她继续写下去的动力。
定柔小说的头几章,都是贴在海外的校园BBS上的。留学生们身处异地的思乡,使得网络很轻易地成为精神的归属地,成为海外女作家聚集的大本营。
除了六六和定柔,还有赫赫有名的出版了《恋人食谱》的美国的梅子,出版了《流云尼玛》《凤凰的哭泣》的新西兰的青枚……这些蜚声网络、人在海外的小女生们,共同构建起来庞大的第三代海外女作家群体。在各大网站上,有她们的地方,必然呈现出点击率、人气指数的攀升,她们的个人网站,每天都有数以千万计的读者流连忘返。
第三代海外女作家统统是歪打正着,她们没有谁对当作家有天生的理想和痴迷,心有感触就涂抹两笔,懒了就搁弃。身在国外,享受该地惬意生活的同时,与国内的联络都通过网络进行,她们的创作没有功利心,全凭一种乐趣,却正因为这种天然的创作热情,更能够赢得读者。
从张爱玲的异域飘零,到虹影、严歌苓的空中飞人,再到六六和定柔的以网络为家,任意抒发,海外女作家们的生存状态,在向着更自由更人性的方向发展。这种变化尽管不惊天动地,但细细想来,却颇为耐人咀嚼。(江筱湖)
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