下面这个也介绍到了十月暴动
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T[B@7$Dp* 1. 5. Korea divided (1945-1949)
mm \ Jf See also: Division of Korea
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2]C`S,) At the Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945), the Allies unilaterally decided to divide Korea—without consulting the Koreans—in contradiction of the Cairo Conference. [37] :24 [45] :24-25 [59] :25 [60]
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NqvL,~1G On 8 September 1945, Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge of the United States arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. [45] Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea via the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945-48). [61] :63 He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators and their Korean police collaborators. [30] The USAMGIK refused to recognise the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because he suspected it was communist. These policies, voiding popular Korean sovereignty, provoked the civil insurrections and guerrilla warfare. [38] On 3 September 1945, Lieutenant General Yoshio Kozuki, Commander, Japanese Seventeenth Area Army, contacted Hodge, telling him that the Soviets were south of the 38th parallel at Kaesong. Hodge trusted the accuracy of the Japanese Army report. [45]
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9{1{C 6c>t|=Ss( In December 1945, Korea was administered by a US-USSR Joint Commission, as agreed at the Moscow Conference (1945). The Koreans were excluded from the talks. The commission decided the country would become independent after a five-year trusteeship action facilitated by each régime sharing its sponsor's ideology. [37] :25-26 [62] The Korean populace revolted; in the south, some protested, and some rose in arms; [38] to contain them, the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People's Committees on 12 December 1945.
1.!rq,+>1 $-YS\R\9x On 23 September 1946 an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. [59] The USAMGIK declared martial law.
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Cq;t;qN,nQ The right-wing Representative Democratic Council, led by nationalist Syngman Rhee, opposed the Soviet-American trusteeship of Korea, arguing that after 35 years (1910-45) of Japanese colonial rule most Koreans opposed another foreign occupation. The USAMGIK decided to forego the five year trusteeship agreed upon in Moscow, given the 31 March 1948 United Nations election deadline to achieve an anti-communist civil government in the US Korean Zone of Occupation.
qlD+[`=b TAl py$ On 3 April what began as a demonstration commemorating Korean resistance to Japanese rule ended with the Jeju massacre of as many as 60,000 citizens by South Korean soldiers. [63]
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*{/u gBUtv|(@>[ On 10 May, South Korea convoked their first national general elections that the Soviets first opposed, then boycotted, insisting that the US honor the trusteeship agreed to at the Moscow Conference. [37] :26 [64] [65] [66]
L B1 ui ym:^Y-^iV The resultant anti-communist South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948, elected a president, the American-educated strongman Syngman Rhee on 20 July 1948. The elections were marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. [67] The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. [68] In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the USSR established a Communist North Korean government [37] :26 led by Kim Il-sung. [69] President Rhee's régime expelled communists and leftists from southern national politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare for guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government. [69]
23@e?A=C G^!20`p: As nationalists, both Syngman Rhee and Kim Il-Sung were intent upon reunifying Korea under their own political system. [37] :27 With Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong fighting over the control of the Korean Peninsula, [70] the North Koreans gained support from both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. They escalated the continual border skirmishes and raids and then prepared to invade. South Korea, with limited matériel, could not match them. [37] :27 During this era, at the beginning of the Cold War, the US government assumed that all communists, regardless of nationality, were controlled or directly influenced by Moscow; thus the US portrayed the civil war in Korea as a Soviet hegemonic maneuver. [71]
Bu">)AnN l b5Y$ZC In October 1948, South Korean left-wing soldiers rebelled against the government's harsh clampdown in April on Jeju island in the Yeosu-Suncheon Rebellion. [72]
LF* 7;a D`0II= U.S. troops withdrew from Korea in 1949, leaving the South Korean army relatively ill-equipped. The Soviet Union left Korea in 1948. On 24 December 1949, South Korean forces killed 86 to 88 people in the Mungyeong massacre and blamed the crime on communist marauding bands. [73]
e 4u $+ dQ@ e+u5 2. Course of the war
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3JoU/Sf 2. 1. The conflict begins (June 1950)
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zz 7 m\ QgO@oV* S Territory often changed hands early in the war, until the front stabilized.
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3-j 0DhF3] ZN-J!e"` This sketch by war artist Kim Seong-hwan, titled Near Donam Bridge, depicts refugees fleeing Seoul in June 1950 during the early days of the Korean War.
%h 6?/ After the US missions had left the People's Republic of China, CIA China station officer Douglas Mackiernan volunteered to remain and conduct spy operations. Afterward, he and a team of indigenous personnel then escaped China in a months-long horse trek across the Himalaya mountains; he was killed within miles of Lhasa. His team delivered the intelligence to headquarters that invasion was imminent. Thirteen days later, the North Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th parallel border and invaded South Korea. Mackiernan was posthumously awarded the CIA Intelligence Star for valor. [74]
@4Z>; .5|AX6p+^ Under the guise of counter-attacking a South Korean provocation raid, the KPA crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire at dawn on Sunday 25 June 1950. [37] :14 The KPA said that Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) troops, under command of the régime of the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee", had crossed the border first, and that they would arrest and execute Rhee. [45] Both Korean armies had continually harassed each other with skirmishes and each continually staged raids across the 38th parallel border.
/lkIbmV A>(m}P On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with government officials. Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre, which started on 28 June. [75] On 28 June, South Korea bombed the bridge across the Han River to stop the North Korean army. [76]
."l@aE=| ]Gm,sp.x Early the fighting, South Korea put its forces under the authority of the United Nations Command (Korea).[citation needed]
K2>(C$Z sh[Yu 2. 1. 1. United Nations Security Council Resolutions
sguE{ !BO On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with United Nations Security Council Resolution 82. The USSR, a veto-wielding power, boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. [77] After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member state military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered US air and sea forces to help the South Korean régime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the US of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea. [78]
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fk The USSR challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from US Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated UN Charter Article 32; and the Korean conflict was beyond UN Charter scope, because the initial north-south border fighting was classed as a civil war. The Soviet representative boycotted the UN to prevent Security Council action, and to challenge the legitimacy of the UN action; legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members. [79] [80]
% ribxgmd j!GJ$yd=-6 2. 1. 2. Comparison of military forces
J!O5 `k*.C The North Korean Army launched the "Fatherland Liberation War" with a comprehensive air-land invasion using 231,000 soldiers, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, some 150 Yak fighters, 110 attack bombers, 200 artillery pieces, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. [45] In addition to the invasion force, the North Korean KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. [45] Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North Korean and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies.
sy+1 xnz % @3AA< In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were vastly unprepared, and the political establishment in the south, while well aware of the threat to the north, were unable to convince American administrators of the reality of the threat. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the US military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at invasion time, but there were large US garrisons and air forces in Japan. [45]
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JVf8KHDj Within days of the invasion, masses of ROK Army soldiers—of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee régime—were either retreating southwards or were defecting en masse to the north, to the KPA. [37] :23
'm}K$h (U qY`)W [ 2. 2. Police action: UN intervention (July - August 1950)
^-c j=on=Q y _M<\b > xkl7D A US howitzer position near the Kum River, July 15.
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JDfkm+}uY +'Pl? QyH BusD}9QqB A GI comforts a grieving infantryman.
f!a[+^RB: Despite the rapid post-Second World War Allied demobilizations, there were substantial US forces occupying Japan; under General Douglas MacArthur's command, they could be made ready to fight the North Koreans. [37] :42 Only the British Commonwealth had comparable forces in the area.
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`c On Saturday, 24 June 1950, US Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman by telephone, "Mr. President, I have very serious news. The North Koreans have invaded South Korea." [81] [82] Truman and Acheson discussed a US invasion response with defense department principals, who agreed that the United States was obligated to repel military aggression, paralleling it with Adolf Hitler's 1930s aggressions, and said that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. [83] In his autobiography, President Truman acknowledged that fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):
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