双面胶:生活中的PK是一种悲剧
作者: 刘兵 来源:搜狐读书 2005年11月28日
用了不少零零碎碎的时间,读完了这本在叙事方式上用老话说很是有些“婆婆妈妈”的《双面胶》。不过,在这里,并不是在贬义上使用“婆婆妈妈”这个形容词,也不因此而有潜在的性别歧视的意味,而只是在一种中性的意义上这样讲。其实,如果逆向思考,如果我们注意到家庭生活其实就是由诸多“婆婆妈妈”的细节构成,那不是还强调了一种生活的性别意义吗?
很多年前,有两个词的使用频率是颇高的,这就是“敌我矛盾”和“人民内部矛盾”。按照这种分类,在《双面胶》一书中所涉及的,主要体现在婆媳之间,当然也因而连带在体现在书中各种角色之间的那些冲突,显然也是属于所谓“人民内部矛盾”范畴的,因为,从个体意义上来看,书中的各种人物角色都可谓是 “好人”。不过,此书告诉我们,“好人”与“好人”之间的“人民内部矛盾”有时也可以是非常尖锐的矛盾,甚至可能会导致悲剧。
在“人民内部矛盾”之后,国内又引进了“性别视角”,当然《双面胶》中的人物,也可以用性别视角来审视,而且,在这样的审视中,不难得出在传统的儿媳、老婆的性别定位上,是存在着严重的性别歧视的结论,并因而要倡导提升女性地位,使之在家庭中处于与丈夫相平等的家庭地位。结合书中的人物情节,这样的分析有时还可以带出非常有意思的争议,例如:在表面上看来与北方和其他许多地区不同的更为娇惯太太或女友、在家庭生活中操劳更多因而在人们的一般意识中成为特殊典型的上海男人,是不是真的就代表着一种先进的性别意识形态呢?
以性别视角来分析《双面胶》当然是一种有效的阅读方法,不过,由此得出的结论却并不那么新颖,因为几乎谁都知道传统文化中男性和女性在家庭地位上的不平等,知道按照先进的性别意识这种不平等是需要改变的。问题在于,所以,在阅读中,我反而倾向于将这种因传统性别歧视的文化传统带来的冲突看作是一种更为表面化的东西,在更深层里,觉得应该说此书体现的更是在传统与现代的生活方式之间的激烈冲突。
这样一来,书中各色人等的背景身份也相应地被赋予了象征性的寓意。近来因“超级女声”的流行,一个叫PK的新词突然走红,如果以此来形容书中描写的家庭生活中的最大冲突,那就是在两种不同生活方式之间的PK。具体地讲,一方是以北方不发达地区的公公婆婆为代表的传统生活方式,而另一方,则是以发达的南方地区(尤其是以上海这个特定的现代化大都市)儿媳为代表的现代生活方式。
说到生活方式,这里虽然用了传统和现代的修饰词,但却并不意味着就赋与它们以不同的价值好坏。其实,每一种生活方式都有其合理性,例如像书中所表现的传统生活方式中的节俭,像现代生活中的对于人性的体贴。反过来讲,此方的优点,如果站在对方的立场上看,却可能恰恰又成为明显的缺点。也许我们可以说,每一种生活方式都只能站在此方的立场上来评价,是很难与对方相融的。而且,无论是从《双面胶》这本虚构的(讲虚构也并非意味着不真实,因为按某种理论,小说的虚构甚至可以比现实还要更为真实)小说中的情节,还是对身边现实生活的观察,我们都可以看到,各种不同的生活理念和生活方式都有其坚定的实践者。我们的社会就是一个由各种生活方式的实践者并存而构成的社会。
某人之所以作为某种生活方式的实践者,当然是因为信奉相应的生活理念,而这又是由其生活背景、教育经历、文化环境等多种因素造成的。某种生活方式的实践者坚持自己的生活理念,这也既可理解又无可厚非。关键的问题在于,是不是非要把自己的生活方式强加于他人,是不是一定想用自己的生活方式去PK掉他人的生活方式。
在“超女”舞台上,为了必需要排出名次,所以采用了PK的选择方式(其实我一直不认为在那里PK演唱本身真的具有决定作用,而是觉得无论PK唱如何大众评委各自早已做出了各自的选择)。而且,即使某位选手被PK掉了,在其铁杆粉丝们心目中的地位,依然会远远高于PK的胜者甚至于冠军。不过,在生活中,却是与“超女”舞台大不相同的,是不法通过PK来决一雌雄的(这一隐喻又渗透着性别歧视因而也说明语言本身就是被性别地建构的)。一定要决出胜负,就有可能是两败俱伤。按照网络游戏中PK的原意player kill,PK这个隐喻的用法也有着血腥的根源,kill本来就是指杀戮。在我们的生活中,常言说人以群分,倘生活方式相同或相近者,生活在一起自然平安无事阂家幸福,倘由于种种原因生活方式不同者在一起生活,比较理想的选择,也许就只能是彼此宽容,彼此尊重对方不同的生活方式,和平共处,多元共存。这样,倘能融和一致固然更好,倘不能平和地影响和改变对方,那也不必以PK的方式打他个你死我活。
在生活中,生活方式上的PK是一种悲剧,《双面胶》为我们提供了一个样板。
http://book.sohu.com/20051128/n240816405.shtml
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作者介绍:
刘兵,1958年生于北京,1982年毕业于北京大学物理系,1985年毕业于中国科学院研究生院,现为清华大学人文社科学院科技与社会研究所主讲教授,博士生导师,政府特殊津贴享受者,上海交通大学科学史与科学哲学系学术委员、兼职教授,中国科学技术史学会常务理事,中国科协-清华大学科技传播与普及研究中心副主任,中国自然辩证法研究会理事等。
主要研究方向是科学史、科学文化传播、科学技术与社会等。出版有《克丽奥眼中的科学》等专著6种,《刘兵自选集》等个人文集7种,《超导史话》等科学史与科学文化普及著作4种,译著7种,发表学术论文120余篇,主编有《科学大师传记丛书》等多种丛书、教材和读物。
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