关于《蜗居》的一些问题
来源:当代文化研究网 >> 文萃 >> 作者:阮芸妍 2010年01月20日
【编者按】本文为2010年1月20日于上海大学举办的「突变与凝固:现代到当代思想地层的牵动──2010两岸研究生上海交流会议」上的交流文章。评议张永峰之〈电视剧《蜗居》的意义生产方式〉一文所写的评议稿。作者为台灣交通大學社會與文化研究所碩士生。連絡方式:[email protected]。
作者照片
永峰这篇文章结构非常清楚,讨论的问题也很集中,所以我想我就不再复述永峰文章的重点了。一开始知道要评论的是永峰的文章时,很惶恐,因为从来没有做过大众媒体的研究,也不清楚媒体研究是怎么回事,所以我想,最好的方法就是去看这部电视剧,然后再看一看永峰会怎么谈它。我看的是35集的版本,底下就讲一些我自己看了这部电视剧,又阅读了永峰的文章后的一些感觉。
首先我想先谢谢永峰,透过永峰的分析,把一些我在台湾不能够确知的状况点出来了,特别是检查机关和舆论对于这部电视剧的剧情或者收视造成的影响,这些我光收看影片是没办法掌握的。也因此我很好奇,检查机关和舆论是如何参与到电视剧意义生产的运作之中的呢?永峰的分析中指出,剧情有几处安排,似乎都与是否能通过检查有关,而是否能通过检查又与能不能合乎正确舆论有关,这就让我感觉,舆论是与检查机关联系在一起的,与之相抗衡的一方好像是广大的观众,他们和舆论不合,也不一定按照检查机关所希望的剧情导向而感觉,但他们或许是在讨论电视剧时,更重要的一群人,也许可以把这群人称为“收视率”吧。那么,我好奇的是,检查机关和收视率两边到底是一个怎么样的关系?我觉得不能简单理解成:检查机关越支持的,收视率那边就不买账,或者检查机关越禁止的,就越能刺激收视率,这往往不是简单的对立关系,所以我想请教永峰的是,如果要研究或者理解中国大陆的电视剧,要怎么评价、估量“检查机制”造成的影响呢?
从永峰的讨论中,可以感觉到并能假设检查机关的影响是很大的,我注意到永峰文章结束的地方提到:“房奴问题是本剧的核心,但广电总局批评此剧时,只强调靠荤段子、官场、性等话题来炒作,关于房奴一字不提。”然后永峰写说:“这种避重就轻反倒让人对这部电视剧与社会现实的关系有更多回味”,我想这是一个重点,永峰的这句话暗示了,这部电视剧其实是很切实地反应了社会现实,而广电总局应该要正视这个问题,不应该去回避或者转移注意力,应该要对这部电视剧中的房奴问题有一些反省。
但我要问的是,我们需不需要期待广电总局、审查机关对于电视剧中讨论的现实问题、“房奴”问题作出回应呢?我想,审查机关对此问题不作响应才是正常的吧?在接近结局的地方,孙书记对宋思明的训话,听起来很“正确”但实质上却很空洞,如果要广电总局回应,而他们又只能以这样的方式回应的话,那还不如不要,我认为这才是真正的遮蔽问题。或许,真正揭露问题的方式,是让海萍失败了、退掉房子……也不一定。
如果这样的话,该接着想的问题是,我们的研究要怎么发问,才可以打开更多的讨论空间呢?围绕着这个电视剧,还有它的意义生产过程,我们怎么去思考,如何能够透过我们的研究与讨论去突破这种状况?在检察机关、收视观众与社会现实等等的互动关系之中,学术到底该站在什么样的位置?
这边讲到房奴,那我就接着谈第二部分的问题。我觉得永峰对于房奴的说法很有意思,他说,房奴是一种“活的产品”,是被商人、利益集团所制造出来的一种“身分”,这样的一种心态是抓准了都市生活的幻想的,同时也牵涉到某种“幸福感”,这都要一整套的“感觉结构”与“生活观念”互相配合才可以顺畅运作。我觉得永峰说得非常好,海萍就是一个代表了当下所共享的感觉结构的角色。
这一种可以与广大观众共享的感觉结构,我觉得非常非常重要,因此,我会想知道这样的感觉结构是怎么产生的?也想请永峰更明确地说清楚这是一种怎么样的“感觉结构”?永峰的文章中,至少有一个轴线是很清楚的,就是一个消费、资本主义、以商业利益为前提的,消费作为一种行为模式,于是为了满足购买房子、成为房奴的欲望,不断去喂养一种不正常的金钱、情感关系。可是我又会觉得永峰要讲的感觉结构是一个立体的东西,我前面这些概括,特权呀、消费呀、资本呀,实在太过简单了,这种感觉结构,好像不是用现代西方资本主义、消费可以概括的,虽然我讲不清楚,但我觉得这非常重要。永峰在文中也提到:“海萍的奋斗史告诉我们的是:引领无数小人物的都市生活梦只有在特权的帮助下才能实现。这是这部电视剧直面现实而具有的深刻性。”我想是这样的,但我不太能确定永峰所说的这种由“直面现实而具有的深刻性”到底确切地是指什么意思。是说电视剧因为直面现实,所以把这个当下的感觉结构揭露或者呈现得很清楚吗?还是什么?希望永峰再多说一点。
延续房奴的问题,我想接着再谈的是,永峰这里指出海萍是一个:想成为“房奴”但是条件还不充足的角色。所以让她做出很多选择,比如把海藻推向宋思明,或者逼苏淳跟父母拿钱,结果让苏淳不得不去借了高利贷等等。我觉得永峰很敏锐地去把海萍这个位置点出来,解释了很多剧情安排的环节。
因为这样,我便很想多听一听永峰会怎么分析剧中其他的一些角色。比如说海萍口中的“小市民”,具体说就是他们的房东一家人,这类角色在永峰的文章中没有提到,不过我还满关心这些人的。我想问的是,永峰在文章中指出来的这个感觉结构,是不是也同样能够用来理解这些小市民?特别是把他们也放在关于房奴问题的讨论中来看的时候,这类小市民应该算是比海萍条件更不具足的人吧,尤其在面对拆迁,他们其实有房子,但并不进入这个资本的、或者说“房奴市场”的经济结构中,拆迁之后,本来的地方会被改建为他们再也负担不起的楼房,让他们被排出这个市场之外。我想问的就是,他们在房奴问题中有什么意义?或者这类角色的存在,在这部电视剧中有什么意义?他们与永峰题目中所说的意义生产方式有什么样的关系?他们是不是也吸收了一部分的收视率?或者,对这类人的描写又会受到审查机关那边什么样的评价或影响呢?
另外一个角色是海藻,永峰对于海藻的评断是“空洞”,说她“在房奴与房奴制造者之间扮演了一个空洞而无私”的角色,我觉得永峰的描述很准确,但我还是不太了解,为什么剧中需要这样一个“空洞”的角色?更进一步说,我看待海藻的角度,和永峰是不大一样的。在房奴市场这个问题底下,这样一个空洞的角色,好像被各种权力冲撞,但海藻对买房子一向不大热心,她好像并不打算主动地投入房奴市场中,她是以别的方式被牵扯进来的,我认为海藻的位置其实满复杂的,或许可以再多谈一点。
以上就是我对于这部电视剧的一些好奇。我还有最后一个问题,是一个方法论上面的问题。作为一个文化研究的学生,在面对电视剧,特别是一个成功的电视剧(在某种程度上揭示社会问题、收视率、通过主管部门的审查)这样的研究对象时,觉得这样的材料特别能解决什么问题?或者是不是会碰到哪些困境或者可能的限制呢?我很想听到永峰从自己研究的经验跟我们分享,想知道你之所以做这个选择的动力或者优势在哪里?在当中,你怎么摆放自己的位置?以上问题向永峰请教。
相关文章:电视剧《蜗居》的意义生产方式
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