《蜗居》中的中国女性
来源:英国《金融时报》中文网 > 生活时尚 > 生活 作者:特约撰稿人 刘剑梅 2010年02月11日
2009年底,在国内炒得火热的电视剧《蜗居》传到了海外,我看过之后也深有感触。这部电视剧真是反映了全球化场景中的中国大都市生活,极其生动地勾勒出大都市生活的原生态:房奴、贪官、二奶、小三、钉子户等等都是新时代的新产品,是二十一世纪的特别现象。
因为电视剧的成功,“蜗居”成了一个新名词。女作家六六的这个书名确实起得好,“蜗居”是指让人窒息的狭小的居住空间,在这个空间里,无论都市如何繁华,如何昌盛,一般的平民老百姓都像蜗牛一样压抑地生活着,想改变自己的居住空间就不得不沦为“房奴”。《蜗居》讲的是两个感情好的姐妹从外地来到了大都市寻找安身立命的居住空间的故事。其实问题不那么简单:她们也许为自己的身体找到了更大的居住空间,可是异化了,变形了。对我来说,这部电视剧最有意思的就是描写了女性与空间的相互关系,并从此再现了当代女性新的价值观或新的爱情观。
《蜗居》中的姐姐海萍和姐夫苏淳,在大学毕业后留在大都市打拼。他们向往有一套属于自己的房子,但是天天省吃俭用,连一块钱都要节省,还是离这个梦想非常遥远。“每天一睁开眼,就有一串数字蹦出脑海:房贷六千,吃穿用两千五,冉冉上幼儿园一千五,人情往来六百,交通费五百八,物业管理三四百,手机电话费两百五,还有煤气水电费两百。从我苏醒的第一个呼吸起,我每天要至少进账四百,这就是我活在这个城市的成本”——海萍就这样沦为“房奴”,天天被这些金钱数字无情地捆绑着,她的这种痛苦和无奈也是当下老百姓具体生活的见证。逐渐地,海萍在金钱的巨大压力下,觉得自己活得很窝囊,并把自己心中的闷气转嫁给了丈夫苏淳,还居然得出了一套新的爱情观。在跟妹妹海藻的对话中,她说:“我告诉你,爱情,爱情那都是男人骗女人的把戏。什么‘把我的心交给你,你会永远拥有我’,那都是一穷二白的穷光蛋的障眼术。他那是什么都没有了,就说点甜言蜜语。男人若真爱一个女人,别净玩儿虚的,你爱这个女人,第一个要给的,既不是你的心,也不是你的身体,一是拍上一摞票子,让女人不必担心未来;二是奉上一幢房子,至少在拥有不了男人的时候,心失落了,身体还有着落。”这种爱情观是当下典型的爱情观和人生观——“钱”才是情本体、人生本体和世界本体。的确,《蜗居》中的女性大多都持有这种价值观或爱情观,视钱如命,把钱看作最后的实在:海萍从头至尾都很看重钱,数钞票时满眼放光,钱就是太阳、月亮、星斗;海藻沦为“二奶”,即使沦为“三奶” 、“四奶”也无所谓;而宋太太选择的隐忍的“大太太”的孤独生活,也是为了钱。千百年来人类所追求的爱“情”突然变成了爱“钱”。
海萍的这一爱情观后来对她妹妹海藻的影响很大,妹妹最后选择“二奶”的生活与姐姐的这段“教育”不无关连。海藻最开始是一个非常纯情的女孩,作为一个名牌大学毕业生,她有深爱自己的男友小贝,有依靠自己能力找到的工作,但是,在目睹了姐姐沦为“房奴”的压抑的婚姻生活后,她不由自主地被有权有势而且体贴潇洒的宋思明所吸引,经过一番挣扎之后,终于选择过上了不劳而获的像寄生虫一样的“职业二奶”的生活,不仅甘愿当“性奴”,而且甘愿成为他的生育工具。海藻最初还非常清高,拥有自己的尊严,在察觉了宋思明对她的好感之后,坚决退还了借他的两万块钱和他赠与的手机。可是后来,为了解决姐姐买房子的困难,她一步步走向能够呼风唤雨的宋思明,一点点失去原本纯真独立的自我,最后深陷二奶豪华的公寓中,难以自拔。海藻选择的“二奶”身份,美其名曰有“爱情”为基础,宋思明和她似乎都是真心相爱的,但是正如她母亲所揭露的,“如果宋是个穷光蛋,如果不在这个位置上,海藻还会爱他吗?”说到底,她的“情”还是围着“钱”的轴心转。
《蜗居》热播后,很多80年代后的年轻观众非常喜欢潇洒多金的宋思明和纯真多情的海藻,不仅不痛恨“二奶”,反而羡慕“二奶”的豪华潇洒的不愁钱的生活。表面上看,《蜗居》中新的女性价值观和爱情观似乎突破了传统道德伦理的界限,“社会开放了,容忍度高了”,女性在性生活方面似乎得到了很多自由度(海藻一度可以周旋与两个男性之间,享受两种不同的爱),然而实质上,在拜金主义覆盖一切的情况下,虽然大都市变得一天比一天更华丽,虽然市场经济发展得一天比一天更繁荣,虽然女性打扮得一天比一天更时尚,女性的地位却一天天倒退回“女奴”的地位,重新沦为男性的奴隶和金钱的奴隶,完全迷失了自我,更可悲的是,沦为了“房奴” 、“性奴”仍不自知,仍没有任何自省的能力。海藻最后不思自我奋斗,完全把自己的未来寄托在宋思明的身上,不再在乎自己的尊严和人格,这等于是另外一种形式的奴隶,是拥有豪华外壳的“女奴”。而宋思明的太太即使知道丈夫有了“二奶”,还是采取了隐忍的态度。察觉了丈夫的私情后,她居然能够接受丈夫的一番官场中“逢场作戏”的辩白。宋思明倘若没有被查处,他仍然可以享受着“一妻一妾”的中国传统男性所拥有的生活。他似乎对自己的妻妾都有情有义,然而实质上是典型的对女性占有欲极强的男权主义的象征。他爱海藻,跟他误会海藻是处女并把自己的第一次交给他有关;他自己可以同时拥有妻子和海藻,却不允许海藻继续维系与男友小贝的爱情;正如他的妻子所说的,女人在他的手里都是被安排好的棋子,仅仅是棋子而已。就这样的一个贪官形象还让现在的年轻的女性读者如此倾心,得到那么多的追捧,这最重要的原因就是把钱视为价值本体。没想到自五四以来提倡的女性解放经历了一个世纪,从娜拉离家出走,逃离华丽却令人窒息的“女奴” 生活,到妇女参加革命,后来获得与男性平等的地位,而如今像海藻这样的后现代女性又重新自愿充当豪华的“女奴”,自愿被囚禁在富丽堂皇的居室里,即使做男性的“玩偶”也不在乎,这种变化真是颇有反讽意味。
《蜗居》确实提出了一些让我们深思的全球背景下的复杂的社会问题,还有女性的生存处境等问题。从剧中,我们可以看到整个社会的大环境对中国女性都缺乏基本的尊重,比如宋思明居然可以把“二奶”公然带到同学聚会,而且如果不带还变成“有问题”;海萍单位的领导明显地歧视三十岁以上的职业女性,对需要照顾孩子和家庭的女性没有任何同情心;上了年纪的女性,在社会上成了被欺负和被边缘化的对象。不过除了归类到社会问题,女性自身也应该有反省的能力。为什么女性不能重新找回自己的尊严和人格?为什么一定要把希望寄托在男人身上?为什么女性不能自己救赎自己,而总是要等着男人来救赎?为什么女性把这么多的精力放在对物质的追求上,而不在精神上多多丰富自己?身体的蜗居状态可以通过金钱来改变,可是精神上的蜗居状态要靠什么才能改变呢?
《蜗居》后半段把海萍塑造成一个逐渐在大都市中找回自我的女性,她不仅在丈夫落难时没有抛弃他,而且通过自己的辛勤工作找到了自己的位置,不再总是把拮据的生活归罪于她的丈夫;不仅身体逃离了“蜗居”,而且心灵也逃离了“蜗居”。这似乎是作者六六给当代女性所指引的一条“反异化”的归路。而海藻最后仍然还要靠马克救赎,逃到国外。然而,逃离了这座让她迷失的大都市,是否她就能摆脱豪华的“女奴”状态,是否就能靠自己的力量找回女性独立的精神家园呢?
(2010年1月写于美国马里兰州)
作者简介:
刘剑梅,美国哥伦比亚大学东亚系博士,现为美国马里兰大学亚洲与东欧语言文学系副教授。曾出版中文著作《共悟人间:父女两地书》(与刘再复合著,香港天地图书,2000年;上海文艺出版社,2001年;台湾九歌出版社,2003年)、《狂欢的女神》(香港明报出版社,2004年;台湾九歌,2005年;北京三联,2007年),《共悟红楼》(与刘再复合著,北京三联,香港三联,2008年),英文学术专著《革命与情爱:文学史女性身体和主题重复》 Revolution Plus Love: Literary History, Women’s Bodies, and Thematic Repetition in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction (美国夏威夷大学出版社,2003年),英文编著《金庸现象:中国武侠小说与现代中国文学史》The Jin Yong Phenomenon: Chinese Martial Arts Fiction and Modern Chinese Literary History (与何素楠Ann Huss合编,Cambria Press, 2007年)
http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001031276?page=1
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