三评《蜗居》——渲染反文明的、庸俗的生活事象
来源:新浪博客》 殷谦的博客 作者:殷谦 2009年12月17日
“二评”蜗居后,在读者如潮的批评声中,我发现一个问题,好像是我批评《蜗居》,就等于“拆”了一些人关于“房子”的梦想,因此很多人怀疑我动机不纯,怀疑我是“某”的“御用”文人,甚至说我站在人民的对立面,大失人心。这里需要说明一点,我批评的是作为一个作家的六六,批评的是那部小说《蜗居》,我批评的是作为一个编剧的六六,批评的是那部电视剧《蜗居》,所有的批评都与房子无关。事实上是,六六写了《蜗居》也好,拍了《蜗居》也好,六六大概不缺买一套大房子的钱,房价也并没有因为《蜗居》而下跌,反而一天比一天高。六六不是救世主,如果你们迷信六六能把房价跌下来,那么事实上是,六六的电视《蜗居》成功地炒起了房价。我批评《蜗居》,大凡有点文化的人都可以明白,我在说什么而你们又在说什么,再补充一点,我和作家六六关系很好,文学上的朋友,六六是一个喜欢听到不同声音的作家,说实话,如果没有她的催促,这“三评”我都没有兴趣再写了。最后一点最最重要,别冤枉我,殷谦从没有删除留言或评论的习惯。
接着批六六和她的《蜗居》。正如我前篇杂文中说的,《蜗居》没有没有升华的目标和热情。即便有,也是怪异和冷漠的——海萍这个自私的小女人一生所追求的不过就是一套属于自己的房子,并且她付诸了行动,那就是牺牲了自己的妹妹。而海藻追求的目标则是宁做小三,也不甘平庸。从小说和艺术作品的角度来看,殷谦将此视为作家六六的写作态度和人生态度的物化心态,也是作家六六心灵世界的象征——把怀疑爱和善、把冷漠当做一种时髦,她通过悖理违情的变形、失去分寸感的夸张以及丧失目标的反讽来蔑视和挖苦这个世界和这个世界的人。房子价值和意义大于人的价值和意义么?人奋斗的和追求的终极目标仅仅是一套房子?人除了物质世界,精神世界真的是一文不值么?一套房子就能让人无耻到失去爱情、亲情,甚至失去人格和尊严吗?
事实上,《蜗居》的道德病象所表征的是我们时代的艺术观念和审美趣味的危机和残缺,而并非一种偶或一见的孤立现象。大凡有点美学史常识的人都明白一个道理,那就是艺术与道德的关系一向很紧张,两者是矛盾的关系,甚至是对抗的关系。当今之时代,倾向于要艺术,而不要道德。大多数人对道德面孔深恶痛绝,只要听到“道德”此类的字眼就异常反感,他们嘲笑和蔑视道德,谁要是讲道德,谁就是虚伪;崇高似乎已成为贬义词,谁讲崇高,谁就很有可能在他们眼中成为异类。这是我们时代缺乏乃至丧失信仰的严重现象,作家成了纯粹的商人,作品成了纯粹的商品,文学价值与他们无关,也从没想过要为所生活的时代提供一种积极的道德力量来促进时代生活的道德进步和伦理升华,说白了,他们就没有这样的理性自觉。
六六本人是一个极为道德的人,但是六六在小说中所表现的道德主题却极不道德。从《蜗居》中,可以看到六六对工业文明的恐惧,可以看到她的流于激进的、情绪化的反社会姿态,可以看到她的针对特权阶级和富有阶层的对立情绪,总之,我们从中看到的是一幅令人厌恶、令人厌恶,以及沉重、灰暗的生活图景。她对这个社会毫无感情,根本就没有想过用冷静的态度分析它,用温和的眼光打量它。她只有失去理性的诅咒和傲慢的蔑视,她告诉大家,社会是无比黑暗的,人在金钱和权利两种狂欲中拼命追逐。小说的最大好处是能够极大地帮助人要做人,做好人,不做生活中的死人,这一点,《蜗居》恰恰相反,它很容易满足一些人的消极心理,看了以后,人不但毫无斗志,而且还回变得更加冷漠,人与人之间的戒备心理也会随之增强,更可怕的是,很多人会陷入一种对社会的忧怨而难以自拔。
《蜗居》中的情感更是可怕,是可怕的阴暗、缺乏健康的情感,是丧失真正意义上的爱——它试图讲一个凄美的爱情故事,却把爱情蹂躏得千疮百孔,我们看不到男女之间有什么真爱,只是对物欲和肉欲的拜物教式的渲染,只是欲望的狂欢。“通往精神的路很多,物质是其中的一种”、“人的肉体和精神是可以分开的,你即便在精神上很爱一个人,肉体却不会忠于他”,六六让宋思明靠着权利和金钱,野兽一般地征服了海藻,她让海藻在宋思明的钞票面前,牺牲了与小贝原本可以幸福的家、自己的尊严。《蜗居》中,她想为某些人物树立崇高的形象,但是却被她扭曲得惨不忍睹,她想为某些人物投去同情的目光,但是却被她糟蹋得满目疮痍。文学似乎成了她发泄“恨世者”情绪和表现自己的“性暴力”的手段,以及成了她发泄“施虐狂”激情的通道,她乐于跪拜堕落的自己,乐于向自己内心的黑暗之神低头,所以,她满足于渲染反文明的、庸俗的生活事象。
在六六看来,贪欲和性欲就是影响人物命运和推进情节发展的根本力量,所以她对媒体说:“我推荐大家看书,书比电视剧淫荡100倍,电视剧并不能很好地传达我淫荡的精髓。”在六六看来,与人而言,性就是意味着一切,性满足就意味着人生价值的实现。六六的以房子、以“性”为主题的小说和电视剧,并没有为读者和观众提供一个有深度的价值图景。她并没有传递给人们一种正确的价值观和人生观,围绕这房子来叙事,让人看了以后只有绝望,而看不到希望,她缺乏给人们一种精神升华的能力;六六对性行为的渲染也是病态的、夸张的,甚至是流于粗俗。那么,作家六六为什么会那么走红?她为什么赢得了如此多的追捧者?不难解释,一是她的《蜗居》接触到房价这个敏感话题,很快使她在一些打工族眼里成为精神领袖,成为杰出的代言人,二是给那些失去价值观而又内心充满压抑的人提供了释放话语权的安全通道——可以借此来怨天尤人了,可以放心大胆地攻击社会和当权者了。她蔑视崇高,她写爱情,但没有真正意义上的爱情;她写悲剧,也没有真正意义上的悲剧。六六的走俏与走红,正是以无价值的东西满足了相当一部分人低俗的心理需要。与其说六六因其诚实和坦率赢得了读者和观众,还不如说他是以进行意识形态化的“起哄”和“调侃”而受到了一部分人的欢迎。
六六为买不起房的人代言?不见得,从某种程度上来看,她是为房地产代言。要说她有“平民意识”,这一点也是非常可疑的,因为她躲避崇高、回避价值判断。只有阳光才能照亮黑暗,表面上看她好像是极力要撕破伪崇高的假面具,但她的《蜗居》等作品,本身就是一种本质上与伪崇高相近的价值立场和精神姿态,实在是不宜简单鼓励和片面肯定的。六六的小说让读者在快意的哄笑里变得敢说敢骂,敢砍敢抡,但又仅止于“略有刺激”,她的小说,是背巷子的小骂,是粗俗无聊的调侃,是逮住绵羊当恶狼打的勇敢,在她的小说内部的那些幽暗世界里,有低俗之魅和痞子之魅;有粗鄙之魅和油滑之魅,实在看不出这哪里是一部好的、优秀的作品。
2009年12月17日于北京
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相关阅读:殷谦:一评《蜗居》——六六的怪异与阴冷
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